Emerging Infectious Disease Network
Foot & Mouth Disease Reference Library
The
Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Library is a collaborative initiative of
international veterinary, medical and scientific experts to share information
and enhance academic discussion of emerging infectious diseases and issues
associated with preparedness, response, mitigation and policy.
Contact: Stephen M. Apatow, Director
of Research and Development, Humanitarian University
Consortium GraduateStudies
Center for Medicine,
Veterinary
Medicine and Law.
Email:
s.m.apatow@pathobiologics.org
In The Spotlight
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USDA Hotline on
EU Foot & Mouth Outbreak
The USDA's Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service has established a toll-free hotline staffed
by veterinarians and import/export experts to respond to questions regarding
the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in parts of Europe. The toll-free
number is 1-800-601-9327, and international callers can reach the
center by dialing 01-301-734-9257.
- USDA APHIS
Foot & Mouth Disease Index Includes new requirements for Horses
Imported into the U.S. from Countries with Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
- USDA Overview: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine (text
or PDF)
- USDA Overview: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention (text
or PDF)
- USDA Overview: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response (text
or PDF)
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USDA:APHIS:
- USDA: Animal
& Plant Health Inspections Service (APHIS)
- USDA: National Center For Import And Export: Live
Animals
- Center for Emerging Issues
- USDA:APHIS:VS: Foot
and Mouth Disease - Sources of Outbreaks and Hazard Categorization of Modes
of Virus Transmission 12/94 Presents a summary of past primary
outbreaks of FMD by source of infection and a qualitative ranking of the
relative biological hazard of possible modes of transmission.
- See APHIS:VS:
Centers
for Epidemiology & Animal Health An OIE Collaborating Center Find Information on:
Spatial Analysis, Maps, Trade Support, Impact Worksheets, EEO Activities,
OIE Collaboration, Disease, Eradication, Monitoring & Surveillance.
Epidemiological tracking which clearly defines
the scope of livestock movement throughout the United States on a daily basis
is crucial for efforts to track potential exposure via virus excretion which
exists for at least four days before symptoms appear and specific actions
which would be required for containment of an outbreak (# of states, farms,
etc.).
Recent Releases
& Reports
- 5.29.2001 Texas Prepares for Emergency Animal Disaster
Ground Zero: Tripartite Exercise 2000
- Tripartite Exercise 2000: Final US Reports & Summaries - Canada -
Mexico - United States Foreign Animal Disease Response Simulation Exercise
- ProMed: 14 Points: Foot & Mouth Preparedness - USA
(06) Lessons learned from
other countries and a collection of necessary points which need to be addressed
as part of any plan in the United States.
- Potential Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in California:
Ekboir, Jarvis,
Bervejillo: Total stamping out is the current US strategy and thus the policy
that would be implemented if an outbreak should occur in California (APHIS,
1991). However, alternative policies could be a more economical way of dealing
with an outbreak (Garner and Lack, 1995). As the model’s simulations
show, an outbreak could require depopulating California’s entire cattle
herd. If it were known in advance that this result was probable, the state
might find it more economical to vaccinate the entire herd and quarantine
movements with the rest of the US. HOWEVER,
THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH ALTERNATIVE POLICIES WOULD BE PREFERABLE SHOULD
BE EVALUATED IN ADVANCE BECAUSE ONCE AN OUTBREAK HAS OCCURRED, ERADICATION
STRATEGIES ARE LARGELY IRREVERSIBLE (Emphasis: sma).
- Potential Impact
of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in California: The role and contribution of animal
health surveillance and monitoring services. A detailed study of the industry and the results
of economic modeling reported by Javier M. Ekboir in the 123-page volume
emphasize the crucial importance of quick detection and immediate control
of an outbreak of the disease. Ekboir's results indicate that a few days
could make a difference of billions of dollars in control costs, production
losses, and quarantined markets.
- 3.2001: What
Lessons Will be learned from Foot and Mouth? A Preliminary Economic Assessment
of the 2001 Epidemic David Harvey: Department of Agricultural Economics
and Food Marketing, Universty of Newcastle upon Tyne. Assessment of
a model which is based on a premise that with no control at all, the disease
would cost of cost the UK an estimated £1.2billion per year and that
the country as a whole could afford a £10billion epidemic once every
ten years and still come out ahead in purely monetary terms.5.31.2001 UK DOH Risk Factors - Disposal of Carcasses: Programme
of Monitoring for Public Health
- 5.24.2001
Effects on Health of Emissions from Pyres Used for Disposal
of Animals Risk assessment
undertaken by: UK Department of Health, Department of Environment, Transport
and the Regions, Food Standards Agency, Environment Agency, AEA Technology
- 5.24.2001:
Measures to Minimize Risk to Public Health from Slaughter
and Disposal of Animals - Further Guidance Foot and Mouth Disease UK Department
of Health
- Proposed Changes to International Regulations by
the OIE / FAO International Scientific Conference on foot and mouth disease
- 17-18 April 2001: OIE press
release Download the final report (resolutions, agenda, list of
participants): OIEFAO_conf.pdf (77Kb)(.PDF)
(April 2001)
Discussion:
Hot Topics:
News & Information
FMD Information Sources:
European Commission for the Control of
Foot-and-Mouth
Disease
Training
material including photographic library, disease recognition multimedia software
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United States
EU Official FMD Web Sites
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5.18.2001
Agro-Terrorism: A Reference Point for the Need of a Solid
Foreign Animal Disease Federal Response Plan According to Dr. Michael Margolian in the paper Agricultural Bio-terrorism:
View from the United States: Since the 1960s, the Department of Defense
(DoD) has worked with USDA to protect America's plants and animals against
disease. In 1971, 4,000 DoD personnel provided assistance to USDA during
a Texas outbreak of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis. Some 140 soldiers were
enlisted in support of the campaign against the 1983 Pennsylvanian outbreak
of Avian Influenza. In June 1997, DoD lent equipment to USDA for combating
the Medfly in Florida. In 1998, DoD assisted the South Dakota National Guard
in developing contingency plans to deal with a potential biological attack
against the state's swine population. In 1999, DoD's US Army Medical
Institute of Infectious Diseases supported the Centers for Disease Control's
efforts to isolate the cause of New York's West Nile Fever outbreak.
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