Emerging Infectious Disease Network
Foot & Mouth Disease Reference Library
The Foot and Mouth
Disease Reference Library is a collaborative initiative of international
veterinary, medical and scientific experts to share information and enhance
academic discussion of emerging infectious diseases and issues associated
with preparedness, response, mitigation and policy.
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In The Spotlight
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USDA Hotline on
EU Foot & Mouth Outbreak
The USDA's Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service has established a toll-free hotline staffed
by veterinarians and import/export experts to respond to questions regarding
the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in parts of Europe. The toll-free number
is 1-800-601-9327, and international callers can reach the center
by dialing 01-301-734-9257.
- USDA APHIS
Foot & Mouth Disease Index Includes new requirements for Horses Imported
into the U.S. from Countries with Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
- USDA Overview: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine (text
or PDF)
- USDA Overview: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Prevention (text
or PDF)
- USDA Overview: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response (text
or PDF)
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USDA:APHIS:
- USDA: Animal
& Plant Health Inspections Service (APHIS)
- USDA: National Center For Import And Export: Live Animals
- Center for Emerging Issues
- USDA:APHIS:VS: Foot
and Mouth Disease - Sources of Outbreaks and Hazard Categorization of Modes
of Virus Transmission 12/94 Presents a summary of past primary
outbreaks of FMD by source of infection and a qualitative ranking of the relative
biological hazard of possible modes of transmission.
- See APHIS:VS:
Centers
for Epidemiology & Animal Health An OIE Collaborating Center Find Information on:
Spatial Analysis, Maps, Trade Support, Impact Worksheets, EEO Activities,
OIE Collaboration, Disease, Eradication, Monitoring & Surveillance.
Epidemiological tracking which clearly defines
the scope of livestock movement throughout the United States on a daily basis
is crucial for efforts to track potential exposure via virus excretion which
exists for at least four days before symptoms appear and specific actions
which would be required for containment of an outbreak (# of states, farms,
etc.).
Recent Releases
& Reports
- 5.29.2001 Texas Prepares for Emergency Animal Disaster
Ground Zero: Tripartite Exercise 2000
- Tripartite Exercise 2000: Final US Reports & Summaries - Canada - Mexico
- United States Foreign Animal Disease Response Simulation Exercise
- ProMed: 14 Points: Foot & Mouth Preparedness - USA
(06) Lessons learned from other
countries and a collection of necessary points which need to be addressed
as part of any plan in the United States.
- Potential Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in California:
Ekboir, Jarvis,
Bervejillo: Total stamping out is the current US strategy and thus the policy
that would be implemented if an outbreak should occur in California (APHIS,
1991). However, alternative policies could be a more economical way of dealing
with an outbreak (Garner and Lack, 1995). As the model’s simulations
show, an outbreak could require depopulating California’s entire cattle herd.
If it were known in advance that this result was probable, the state might
find it more economical to vaccinate the entire herd and quarantine movements
with the rest of the US. HOWEVER, THE CONDITIONS
UNDER WHICH ALTERNATIVE POLICIES WOULD BE PREFERABLE SHOULD BE EVALUATED IN
ADVANCE BECAUSE ONCE AN OUTBREAK HAS OCCURRED, ERADICATION STRATEGIES ARE
LARGELY IRREVERSIBLE (Emphasis: sma).
- Potential Impact
of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in California: The role and contribution of animal
health surveillance and monitoring services. A detailed study of the industry and the results
of economic modeling reported by Javier M. Ekboir in the 123-page volume emphasize
the crucial importance of quick detection and immediate control of an outbreak
of the disease. Ekboir's results indicate that a few days could make a difference
of billions of dollars in control costs, production losses, and quarantined
markets.
- 3.2001: What
Lessons Will be learned from Foot and Mouth? A Preliminary Economic Assessment
of the 2001 Epidemic David Harvey: Department of Agricultural Economics
and Food Marketing, Universty of Newcastle upon Tyne. Assessment of
a model which is based on a premise that with no control at all, the disease
would cost of cost the UK an estimated £1.2billion per year and that
the country as a whole could afford a £10billion epidemic once every
ten years and still come out ahead in purely monetary terms.5.31.2001 UK DOH Risk Factors - Disposal of Carcasses: Programme
of Monitoring for Public Health
- 5.24.2001
Effects on Health of Emissions from Pyres Used for Disposal
of Animals Risk assessment
undertaken by: UK Department of Health, Department of Environment, Transport
and the Regions, Food Standards Agency, Environment Agency, AEA Technology
- 5.24.2001:
Measures to Minimize Risk to Public Health from Slaughter
and Disposal of Animals - Further Guidance Foot and Mouth Disease UK Department of
Health
- Proposed Changes to International Regulations by the
OIE / FAO International Scientific Conference on foot and mouth disease -
17-18 April 2001: OIE press
release Download the final report (resolutions, agenda, list of
participants): OIEFAO_conf.pdf
(77Kb)(.PDF) (April 2001)
Discussion:
Hot Topics:
News & Information
FMD Information Sources:
European Commission for the Control of
Foot-and-Mouth
Disease
Training
material including photographic library, disease recognition multimedia
software
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United States
EU Official FMD Web Sites
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5.18.2001
Agro-Terrorism: A Reference Point for the Need of a Solid
Foreign Animal Disease Federal Response Plan According to Dr. Michael Margolian in the paper Agricultural Bio-terrorism:
View from the United States: Since the 1960s, the Department of Defense (DoD)
has worked with USDA to protect America's plants and animals against disease.
In 1971, 4,000 DoD personnel provided assistance to USDA during a Texas outbreak
of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis. Some 140 soldiers were enlisted in support
of the campaign against the 1983 Pennsylvanian outbreak of Avian Influenza.
In June 1997, DoD lent equipment to USDA for combating the Medfly in Florida.
In 1998, DoD assisted the South Dakota National Guard in developing contingency
plans to deal with a potential biological attack against the state's swine
population. In 1999, DoD's US Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases
supported the Centers for Disease Control's efforts to isolate the cause
of New York's West Nile Fever outbreak.
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